BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMATS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMAT

(Pradipta Bandyopadhyay, MLISc. Day Batch - 2023-24)

Today, in this blog I am going to discuss about some bibliographic formats. There are different bibliographic formats such as ISO 2709, MARC Format, CCF i.e. Common Communication Format. Besides these, I am going to discuss about some other bibliographic formats. These are as follows –

• BIBFRAME
• UNIMARC
• Dublin Core Metadata

BIBFRAME

 

 

The full form of BIBFRAME is Bibliographic Framework. It is a successor of MARC Format. It works for Web and Network linked data, which helps to use data outside the library community. BIBFRAME is created by Library of Congress. Generally, BIBFRAME model is used for journals, magazines.

🔰 There are two versions of BIBFRAME. First one is BIBFRAME 1.0, which released in 2012 and the second one is BIBFRAME 2.0, which released in 2016. BIBFRAME has three core levels which are

1. Work, provide information about Author, languages, etc.
2. Instance, provide information about Publishers, Place, Date etc.
3. Item, provide information about Location, Barcode, Shelf mark etc.

BIBFRAME has three core classes which are

• Agent, provide information about users, editors etc.
• Subject, provide information about one or more subject concepts.
• Event, provide information about content of work.

🔰 Now, there may arise a question, why we will replace MARC Format and use BIBFRAME. BIBFRAME eliminates all punctuations which were used in different fields, tags and indicators. BIBFRAME approach differs by relationship between Work to Work, Work to Instance and Work to Item.

 

UNIMARC

 

UNIMARC’s full form is Universal Machine readable catalogue. After the emerge of MARC format different national formats based on MARC evolved like CANMARK etc. As a result, to transfer the information of any bibliographic item, at first editing has to be done. This was a problematic job. Hence, UNIMARC has come. In this case the agency has to know just two programs to continue sharing bibliographic details. First one is Convert data to UNIMARC and the second one is Convert data from UNIMARC.

UNIMARC was basically for the purpose monographs and serials. UNIMARC consists of following components:

1. A Tag
2. Indicators
3. Subfields
4. An end of field marc

UNIMARC consists ten blocks such as,

• 0XX, identification block
• 1XX, coded information block
• 2XX, descriptive information block
• 3XX, notes block
• 4XX, linking entry block
• 5XX, related title block
• 6XX, subject analysis block
• 7XX, intellectual responsibility block
• 8XX, international use block
• 9XX, national use block

Dublin Core Metadata

 

Before going into Dublin Core Metadata, first we have to know what is Metadata. Metadata is basically data about data. That means it provides data about other data. We can clarify it through an example. Suppose, I have taken an image of a book. Now that image is saved in my mobile phone’s gallery section as a ‘data’. Now clicking on that image I can get an option to check the properties of that image. On clicking that, I can see the width, resolution, height, format etc. of that image. These all are the ‘data’ about that image which I have clicked. So, the image which I clicked is a ‘data’ and I have found many more information about that image which again a ‘data’. So, ultimately I have got data about data. Here comes the Metadata concept.

 

🔰 Dublin Core Metadata initiative began in the year 1995 by OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) and NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications). It is an initiative to make digital library card catalogue for the web. As the workshop was held in Dublin of Ohio, so the name kept as Dublin Core. 

🔰 Dublin Core has two forms. The first one is Simple Dublin Core, which contains 15 Metadata elements and the other one is Qualified Dublin Core, which contains 3 more Metadata elements. Basically Dublin Core is used for digital materials such as Image, Sound, Text, Video, Music etc.

🔰The 15 Metadata elements are, Title, Subject, Description, Creator, Publishers, Contributors, Date, Type, Format, Identifier, Source, Language, Relation, Coverage and Rights. The other 3 Metadata elements are, Audience, Provenance and Right Holder. Qualified Dublin Core is more complex than Simple Dublin Core. The data element can be expanded so that it makes more complex than previous one. Eg. ‘Date’ element can be changed as Date issued, created, modified.

🔰 One thing also to be note down that Dublin core is not like traditional bibliographic formats like MARC, it serves a role in resource description and is sometimes used in library and information science contexts. 

Source :

• https://www.youtube.com/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
• Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval - 2nd edition - G. G. Chowdhury

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STUDY ON BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMAT OTHER THAN (ISO-2709,CCF, MARC)

                  (Apurba Sardar : MLISc. Day - 2023-2024)

UKMARC: 

The Acronym stands for United Kingdom Machine Readable Catalog. Primarily it is created for to store for British National Bibliographic Records. First edition of UNMARC Manual was published in 1975.

 It covers different media (Non Bibliographic Forms of library materials such as Disc, tape, CD-ROM etc.

Structure of UKMARC Format:

UKMARC format stores description of Bibliographic records and other items and describes data elements within records.

It uses tag consisting of three numeric characters e.g. 100

There are two types of fields: fixed length in which coded character gives information about item i.e. whether item is monograph and serial.

Variable-length fields, in which the sense of the data is not dependent on a particular character position.e.g title

UNMARC consists of following Components

1. Indicators

2. Subfields

3. Levels

There are 10 functional block areas

001-009: Control Fields

010-099: Coded and other Information

100-244: Main entry access points

245-299: Title and Title Paragraph

300-399: Physical Description

400-499: Series Statement

500-599: Notes

600-699: Subject Access Points

700-799: Added entry Access Points

800-899: Series access points

900-945: References

946-999: Local fields

SOURCES :

1) https://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/ukmarcmanual/ukmarc_intro.pdf

Bibliographic format based on iso 2709:

Example- UNIMARC

Name- Arnab Das(MLISC DAY ROLL-17)

UNIMARC:

Unimarc was developed as a switching format which will enable wider exchange of bibliographic data.Unimarc is also used by UNESCO for its library products.The purpose of unimarc is to help the developing countries so that they can move to automated library systems and standard data formats.

UNIMARC consists of 4 formats namely:

1.Bibliographic.-  The UNIMARC Bibliographic format was first created and proposed by IFLA in 1977, with the title Unimarc Universal MARC format. A second version was published in 1980 followed, in 1983, by the UNIMARC Handbook.

2.Authorities- The UNIMARC Authorities Format was designed to allow the creation of authority and reference records for the management of controlled access points in a bibliographic database. It was first published in 1991 under the title UNIMARC/ Authorities: Universal Format for Authorities and updated in the second edition, UNIMARC Manual: Authorities Format, published in 2001

3.classification- The UNIMARC Classification Format is still in progress and is aimed at the management and authority control of classification data. It was prepared by a working group appointed by the Permanent UNIMARC Committee, in 1997, as a follow-up of a document produced by another IFLA group, about the Requirements for a Classification Format, in 1996. The present version was posted for world wide review in 2000.

CCF:

It is a format for the exchange of bibliographic records.

Need:

CCF provides rules to achieve consistency, uniformaity and compatibility between more than one computer systems. All rules and formats (like AACR-2 or CCC) are mainly devised to achieve the consistency and uniformity in the record entry.

Within an information system, the record which forms the database will usually exists in a number of separate but highly compatible formats.at the very least there will be:-

Ø a format in which records will be input to the system.

Ø a format best suited to long term storage.

Ø a format to facilitate retrieval, and

Ø a format in which records will be displayed.

 

Different types of Bibliographic format :

                                   [ Mlisc(day),Deep Das]

Dublin Core:

The set of Dublin Core Metadata is found on the Dublin Core Metadata  initiative (DCMI) website. It is also known as the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) for set of fifteen main Metadata items for describing digital or physical resources. 

Dublin Core Metadata is a very effective and simple standard. It is a small set terminology term that can be used for digital resources such as web pages, videos and images etc. as well as physical resources, such as Books, CDs etc.

Simultaneously,  Dublin Core Metadata is used to provide different Metadata from simple resource distribution, combining word collection, linked data cloud and semantic web implementation and difference in word collection. 

Bibframe: 

Bibframe is known as Bibliography Framework. Which is a data model for Bibliographic distribution. It is designed to use linked data principles to change MARC standards and make library Bibliographic data more useful. The MARC standards, which have been replaced by Bibframe,  developed by Henriette Varam at the Library of Congress in the 1960. In 2012, the Library of Congress entered into an agreement with data management company Zofira to develop a data alternative to MARC. Then announced a new model called MARC Resources (MARCR).In 2016 , Library of  Congress introduced Bibframe version 2.0.

BIBFRAME is expressed in RDF and based on three categories of abstraction (work, instance, item), with three additional classes (agent, subject, event) that relate to the core categories. It consists of bibliographic  records as the frequency unit and expression unit of the Bibframe. The Bibframe model argues that the new model displays graph relations in place of hierarchical relations after applying reductionist technology. However, both FRBR and Bibframe are expressed in RDF Interoperability.

Source: 

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

• Library and information books by Nandini Sharma, Farah Sultan, Aditya Raj, Kanika Khandelwal  (arihant publication) 

Madhabi Rani Bijuli, M.Lib, day, 2023-24

IS 11370: title named

'GUIDE FOR DATA ELEMENTS AND RECORD FORMAT FOR COMPUTER BASED BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA BASES FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF

DIFFERENT KINDS OF DOCUMENTS'

The Indian Standard for Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) system serves as a foundational framework for accommodating various types of bibliographic records, ensuring a consistent approach to cataloging and managing bibliographic information across different formats such as Books, Continuing Resources (formerly known as serials), Electronic Resources, Maps, Music, Sound Recordings, Visual Materials, and Mixed Materials. Its continuous revisions reflect the adaptability of the standard to the evolving landscape of bibliographic formats and the rapid growth of electronic resources. By emphasizing comprehensive data representation and effective management within bibliographic databases, the standard aims to facilitate seamless communication and information exchange between libraries and documentation centers in India, ensuring compatibility and uniformity in bibliographic record management. It was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, that was originally published in 1985/July, 1986 with the purpose of establishing computer-based bibliographic data records for various print documents found in Indian libraries.

Reference:

1. Bureau of Indian Standards- http://www.bis.org.in

2. Indian Standards- http://www.cwi.nl/~dik/english/codes/indic.html

 3. Standards - http://tdil.mit.gov.in/standards.html

ISBD

The International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) serves as a fundamental standard, its role in promoting efficient information exchange and facilitating effective cataloging practices remains crucial in the modern library and information landscape. It establishes a consistent framework for recording or transcribing data elements in a specific sequence, using prescribed punctuation to ensure understanding irrespective of the language used in the description. The ISBD standards play a critical role in providing guidelines for the selection, identification, and presentation of data elements within a bibliographic entity. These standards also define the appropriate order of data elements and the specific punctuation marks necessary for demarcation. Different sets of ISBD recommendations cater to specific material types, such as ISBD (M) for monographs and ISBD (A-V) for audio-visual materials, ensuring consistency and clarity in bibliographic records across various formats. The evolution of ISBD, starting from the first one on monographs, to subsequent versions including ISBD(G) and ISBD(NBM) for non-book materials, marked a significant realization that printed text was not the sole means of transmitting information. This led to the development of standardized descriptive structures for various forms of documentation. With the rapid growth of computer files and the complexity of multimedia, the need for ISBD(CF) for computer files became apparent, followed by an updated edition that incorporated the term "electronic resource" to better characterize evolving materials in libraries. 

Reference: 

1. Patrick Le Boeuf, "Brave new FRBR world" In IFLA cataloguing principles: steps towards an international cataloguing

code: report from the 1st IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguing Code, Frankfurt, 2003. http://www.d-nb.de/standardisierung/pdf/papers_leboeuf.pdf

2. http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/pubs/ISBD-FRBR-mappingFinal.pdf

3. John Byrum. "The birth and re-birth of the ISBD process and procedures for creating and revising the International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions", 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, 2000.  http://www.ifla.org/IV/iflat6/papers/118-164e htm

Different types of Bibliographic Format

(Mousumi Dam,MLISC Day 2023-24)

INTERMARC :

UNIMARC a group of representatives of Western European National Libraries developed another international format known as INTERMARC, which was published in 1975 and based on UKMARC.While several national formats developed and efforts being carried out by IFLA in mid 1970s in order to establish on international MARC format. INTERMARC was presents a mix between MARC21 and UNIMARC.INTERMARC is a very versatile and progressive format. It is structured at a finer-grained level than MARC21 and even UNIMARC. INTERMARC appeared as an international format by name but eventually it became the official format for the national libraries of France and Belgium only

 This could well be because of its name, which is presumably an abbreviation for ‘International MARC’. INTERMARC never reached its international status and has also a limited national used of it although it is very often referred to by writers on the subjects as being a format of comparative importance.

CCF:

The Unesco Common Communication Format is an exchange format intended for use by agencies. This wish to exchange bibliographic records with one another.

 The main objective of this format was to produce a method of organizing bibliographic description. This descriptions could be exchanged between institutions.

Record Structure :

• ·        Record label
• ·        Directory
• ·        Data fields
• ·        Record separator

Directory :

• ü Tag
• ü Starting character position
• ü Occurrence identifier
• ü  Segment identifier
• ü Length of data field

CCF is a present the format for exchange of bibliographic data that is most applicable for libraries and information centres.This format is designed based on the ISO-2709 standard to achieve compatibility between the different record structure of the formats.

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 Bibliographic format  based on Iso2709

Example- US MARC

(Subhashree Das, MLisc. Day 2023-2024)

Bibliography formats describe arrangement or structure of computer readable record of bibliographic items.

There are a variety of formats present like UKMARC,CCF etc. and MARC 21 is the product of the integration of USMARC, UKMARC and CANMARC (Canadian MARC) in 1998. The basis of MARC 21 ,USMARC is discussed here.

USMARC(United States Machine Readable Cataloging), is a set of codes and content designators defined for encoding a particular type of machine-readable record, represents communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, maintained by the Library of Congress in consultation with various user communities.

The USMARC record is an implementation of national and international standards, e.g., Bibliographic Information Interchange (ANSI Z39.2) and format for Bibliographic Information Interchange on Magnetic Tape (ISO-2709).

USMARC specifications are mostly defined for books, archival and manuscripts control, computer files, maps, music, visual materials and serials.

USMARC formats define the following types of data: bibliographic, holdings and location  and authority.

*  UFBD - USMARC Format for Bibliographic Data contains format specifications for encoding data elements needed to describe, retrieve, and control various forms of bibliographic material.

* UFAD - USMARC Format for Authority Data contains format specifications for encoding data elements that identify or control the content and content designation of those portions of a bibliographic record that may be subject to authority control.

*  UFHL - Holdings Data contains format specifications for encoding data elements pertinent to holdings and location data for all forms of material.

CONTENT DESIGNATION

USMARC content designation is designed to support functions that include:

* Display the formatting of data for for book catalogues, for other visual presentation of the data.

* USMARC formats provide for display constants (system generated under prescribed circumstances to make a visual presentation of data in a record more meaningful to a user).

USMARC STRUCTURE :

A USMARC record consists of three main sections: the Leader, the Directory, and the variable fields . In variable field two fields present -  Variable control fields,Variable data fields

1.Leader:

This part of the record consists of data elements to process the record and provide general information about record. It is a fixed field consisting of a total 24 characters with positions counted form 0 to 23.

Character position

0-4 Logical record length

0-5 Record status

0-6 Type of record

0-7 Bibliographic level

8-9 Blank

10-11 Indicator count & subfield code count

12-17 Base address

17-19 Implementation defined positions

20-22 Entry map

23 Undefined & set to ‘o’

Length indicates the total number of characters used in the record, status tells whether it is new, changed or deleted record, type tells whether it is printed or not, and bibliographical level states whether it is an analytic, monograph, serial or a collection and so on.

 3. Directory:

In the USMARC formats, the length of a directory entry is 12 characters. The directory ends with a field terminator character.

3. Variable  Control Fields:

USMARC formats distinguish two types of variable fields: variable control fields and variable data fields. Control and data fields are distinguished only by structure.

The bibliographic format block is as follows-

0XX = Control information, numbers, and codes.

XX = Main entry

2XX = Titles and title paragraph (title, edition, imprint)

3XX = Physical description, etc.

4XX = Series statements

5XX = Notes

6XX = Subject access fields

7XX = Added entries other than subject

or series; linking fields

8XX = Series added entries, etc.

9XX = Reserved for local implementation

4. Variable Data Fields: Variable data fields are made up of single as well as groups of data elements. Each variable data field consists of indicators, subfield codes, and data elements and field terminator. Also a tag is assigned to each variable data field and that tag is stored in the directory.

For example, 100 is the tag for main entry- personal name, 110 for main entry - corporate name, and 130 for Uniform title heading, etc.

Indicators

Indicator is a code supplying additional information about the field and it is located at the beginning of the field.

Sources:1.https://www.wikipedia.com/

           2.  https:// www.youtube.com /

           3.  https://www.loc.gov/                      

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Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS)

(Suchandra Biswas, MLISc. Day 2023-24)

  Metadata Object Description Schema(MODS) is a metadata standard used for the description and representation of bibliographic and cultural heritage information. Developed by the Library of Congress, MODS is widely utilized by libraries, museums, and cultural institutions to create structured and machine-readable metadata for various digital resources, such as books, manuscripts, photographs, and other cultural materials. MODS serves as an essential tool for preserving and sharing knowledge by providing a flexible and extensible framework for metadata creation.

Here's a detailed description of MODS, highlighting its key features and applications:

• Key Features of MODS:

1. Structure and Elements: MODS is based on the XML (eXtensible Markup Language) standard, which allows for structured and hierarchical data representation. It defines a set of metadata elements, including titles, authors, subjects, dates, and physical characteristics, among others. These elements are organized into logical sections, making it easy to provide comprehensive descriptions of resources.

2. Flexibility and Extensibility: MODS is designed to be flexible and extensible, accommodating a wide range of resource types and metadata requirements. Users can create custom extensions to tailor MODS to their specific needs, making it adaptable to diverse collections.

3. Interoperability: MODS is designed to work well with other metadata standards and systems, such as Dublin Core and MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloging). This interoperability ensures that MODS can be used in conjunction with existing library and cultural heritage databases.

4. Internationalization: MODS supports multiple languages and character encodings, making it suitable for representing metadata in different linguistic and cultural contexts. This feature is vital for institutions with multilingual collections.

5. Descriptive Metadata: MODS primarily focuses on descriptive metadata, which helps users identify and discover resources. It includes information about the resource's title, author, subject, genre, and abstract, among other descriptive elements.

6. Administrative Metadata: MODS also provides elements for administrative metadata, such as access rights, physical location, and preservation information. These elements assist in managing and preserving digital resources over time.

7. Geospatial and Temporal Data: MODS includes specialized elements for geospatial and temporal data, making it suitable for resources that involve location-based or time-based information, such as maps, photographs, and historical records.

• Applications of MODS:

1. Library Catalogues: MODS is commonly used in library catalogs to create detailed records for books, journals, and other print and digital resources. It enhances the discoverability of library collections by providing rich metadata.

2. Digital Libraries: MODS plays a crucial role in digital libraries, where it describes and organizes diverse digital assets, including scanned manuscripts, photographs, audio recordings, and more. This facilitates efficient search and retrieval of digital content.

3. Museums and Archives: Cultural institutions, such as museums and archives, employ MODS to document and catalog their collections. It helps in preserving the historical and cultural heritage by making these materials accessible to the public.

4. Digital Repositories: MODS is used in digital repositories for managing and providing access to academic and research resources. It ensures that scholarly works are well-documented and discoverable.

5. Data Interchange: MODS is valuable for data interchange between institutions and systems. It allows organizations to share metadata in a standardized format, promoting collaboration and resource sharing.

In summary, MODS is a versatile and widely adopted metadata schema that aids in the structured description and organization of bibliographic and cultural heritage resources. Its flexibility, interoperability, and focus on descriptive and administrative metadata make it a valuable tool for libraries, museums, archives, and digital repositories seeking to enhance the accessibility and preservation of their collections.

• Sources:

1. Library of Congress website 

2. MODS Official Website

3. Wikipedia

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Different types of Bibliographic format

Example - US MARC

(Supriya Baskey, MLISc, Day 2023-2024)

USMARC formats are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine readable form.

There are three USMARC communication formats :

    1. US MARC format for bibliographic data  (UFBD)

   2.  US MARC format for authority data  (UFAD)

  3.  US MARC format for holding and locations  (UFHL).

 

   A USMARC record involves three elements:

 ‌‌        - The record structure,

        - The content designation‌,

       - The data content of the record.

The structure of USMARC records is an implementation of national and international standards.

Structure of US MARC:

There are 4 structure of  the USMARC:

  i) Leader :

It is consisting of a total 24 character with positions counted from 0-23.

0-4       Logical record length

  5        Record status

  6        type of record

  7        bibliographic level

8-9       blank

10-11    indicator count & subfield code count

12-17    base adress

17-19    implementation defined positions

20-22    entry map

  23        undefined & set to '0'

ii) Record Directory :

The nature and function of Directory are -

 ‌    • US MARC records have less restriction on length of fields, with maximum 9999 characters;

 ‌   • US MARC contains no subrecord directory entries as analytical records are not handled via the directory;

 ‌  • Character positions are counted from zero.

   iii) Variable Fields :

Variable control fields reserved in US MARC are :

001      control number

002      subrecord map of Directory

003      subrecord relationship

004      related record directory

005      date and time of latest transaction

006      fixed length data elements

007      physical description fixed field

008      fixed length data elements

009      for local use

    iv) Variable Data fields :

Each variable data field consists of indicators, subfield codes, and data elements and field terminator.

 

 

    

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

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Bibliographic format based on ISO 2709:

Example - INTERMARC

(Zainab Alam, MLisc day, 2023-24)

INTERMARC (International MARC Format) - A group of representatives of Western European National Libraries in 1970s developed an international bibliographic format known as INTERMARC which was published in 1975 and was  mainly based on UKMARC, although it was substantially different in the structure and use of indicators. Though INTERMARC appeared as an international format by name but eventually it became the official format for the national libraries of France and Belgium only. INTERMARC never reached its international status and has also a limited national use of it although it is very often referred to by writers on the subject as being a format of comparative importance. This could well be because of its name, which is presumably an abbreviation for ‘International MARC’.

Goals - 

* To have a format compatible with IFLA LRM and which implements RDA-FR.

* To have a format that allows an accurate cataloguing of the BnF's( Backus–Naur form) resources.

* To have a format that can evolve according to the requirements of the BnF.

Intermarc principles - 

* IFLA LRM compliance Implementing RDA-FR

* Keeping Marc formats principles but suppressing indicators and coded information fields

* Maintaining Compliance with ISO-2709

* A single Format For all entities : suppression of the A/B Format distinction

* A Format with coherent blocks and sub-blocks

* Increasing The mnemonic logic of the format

* An Evolving Format(3-position subfields and alphanumeric field labels)

* Contextualizing The Data More Accurately (possibility of declaring meta-metadata at the field level)

The format was written as a part of the NOEMI project (change of cataloguing tool at the BnF) by the "Format and Migration" group. The people who will eventually maintain and develop Intermarc are coordinating its writing with the representatives of the users of the format,the experts in data modeling and the ISD. Particular attention is given to ensure that all requirements are taken into account. At each stage of writing, tests are carried out to check that it allows the correct description of collections.

Sources - 1.http://www.rdarsc.org/sites/all/files/BNF_intermarc_Foucher.pdf

2.https://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/1944/434/1/04Planner_20.pdf

3.https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/35745/5/Unit-7.pdf

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   Different types of Bibliographic format

Example – FRBR

 

                              (Bhaskar   Mondal, MLISC Day Batch - 2023-24|)

FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) is a 1998 recommendation of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to restructure catalog databases to reflect the conceptual structure of information resources.

FRBR stands for Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. It is a conceptual model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user’s perspective. It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships.

The FRBR model consists of three groups of entities:

Group 1 entities are work, expression, manifestation, and item (WEMI). They represent the products of intellectual or artistic endeavor.

Group 2 entities are person, family and corporate body, responsible for the custodianship of Group 1’s intellectual or artistic endeavor.

Group 3 entities are subjects of Group 1 or Group 2’s intellectual endeavor, and include concepts, objects, events, and places.

The FRBR model also defines four user tasks that can be performed with the bibliographic data:

To find entities in a search

To identify an entity as being the correct one

To select an entity that suits the user’s needs

To obtain an entity (physical access or licensing).

The FRBR model is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR), Resource Description and Access (RDA) and International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). However, it can be used as a basis for developing implementation formats that use the ISO 2709 standard, such as MARC 21, UNIMARC

REFERENCE:

1.   https://www.oclc.org/research/activities/frbr.html#:~:text=FRBR%20(Functional%20Requirements%20for%20Bibliographic,conceptual%20structure%20of%20information%20resources.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMAT

(Bilkis Begam , MLISc. Day Batch - 2023-24)

CDS / ISIS (Computerised Documentation Service / Integrated Set of Information Systems)

 

• CDS / ISIS package has helped many Library & Information professionals to create various in- house databases in India. Majority of the library & Information Centres in India use this package in comparision to other packages. The number of licensed users of CDS / ISIS are nearly 1400 at present. The authors have provided instances where CDS / ISIS is used as a tool for library computerisation particularly in housekeeping activities like ILL, FCE, CNC, IEEE and NEWS; cataloguing and indexing; circulation; acquisition. 

• CDS/ISIS is a software system designed for the creation and management of bibliographic databases. It uses an ISO 2709-based format for storing data. This makes CDS/ISIS versatile and adaptable for a range of information management needs.

• Versions for Different Platforms :-

CDS-ISIS for MS Windows (called WINISIS) became available in 1996 and could be downloaded from the Internet. The beta test version 1.0 was made available in January 1999. As with the DOS version, bugs have been removed, and new features and capabilities have been built into the successive WINISIS releases. (1.1 – 1.3.1). Version 1.3 (January 1999) was the first formally released version. This course is based on WINISIS version 1.4 (build 19). Now, Unesco has come up with WINISIS version 1.5.

• Versions for Different Languages / Scripts:-

UNESCO makes available the software in English, French, and Spanish language versions. Development of CDS-ISIS to handle non-Roman script (e.g. Arabic, Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, Cyrillic), has generally been through collaboration between UNESCO and experts/professionals from the respective language groups (e.g. the Arab League Documentation Centre, for Arabic). A version for handling AMHARIC (language of Ethiopia) was developed at the School of Information Studies for Africa (SISA) of the Addis Ababa University. The GIST card developed by C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India) provides a hardware solution to handle Indian language scripts by CDS-ISIS.

• Library & Information Centre's Automation:-

Automation of LIC was started quite some time back. In India, many centres have already been computerised and started providing service to their users. It is reported that automation has already been done at C-DOT using CDS/ISIS package. The library is a totally automated based on CDS/ISIS software package 3.07. Besides giving access to its end users through OPAC/HEURISKO it also automated its housekeeping activities like cataloguing, acquisition, subscription and circulation. Apart from this, the library has also designed few tailor made databases to facilitate the library housekeeping activities like ILL, FCE (forth coming events), CNC (Newspaper clippings), IEEE and News etc.

• Cataloguing and Indexing:- 

Some users reported their problems relating to processing of microfiche documents and explains the module developed for the automated processing of these documents by Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) library using CDS/ISIS and Faogorn program of UNESC0.

• Circulation Utilities:- 

IR4 is a CDS\ISIS Pascal program for interface with a CDS\ISIS database for circulation control". This module takes care of charging and discharging of books and designed primarily to record circulation information so as to facilitate a large spectrum of data to analyse and understand the strength and weakness of the library and its users.  

 

• Sources:-

1. Wikipedia

2. E-gyankosh 

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Different types of bibliographic format-

Ananya Ghosh (MLISC Day Batch 2023-2024)

USMARC:

During the 1950s, the Library of Congress came up with an idea of producing catalog data in machine readable form.  Library of Congress MARC was initially known as the 'LC MARC' format, later it was referred to as USMARC. Both  USMARC and LC MARC' are often used interchangeably. The standard used in the United States is known as USMARC. The purpose of this document is to introduce order division stuff to the USMARC format for books (part 1) and serials (part 2). Examples of RLIN( Research Libraries Network) records which might be encountered in acquisitions work are provided to help users locate and interpret bibliographic information in MARC records. 

They are two basic types of fields: the first, control data fields or fixed fields (USMARC fields 005 through 008) are so named because they are comprised of a fixed number of alphanumeric characters. Variable-length fields are the second type of field found in USMARC record. Most of the information found in variable length replicates that are found on traditional library catalog cards, author, title, imprint, physical description, series, added entries etc. 

Commonly Used Variable Fields in USMARC Book Records:

010  LC control number 

020  ISBN 

035  System control number 

040  Cataloging source 

041  Language code

043  Geographic area code 

082  Dewey Decimal Call Number 

086  Government document classification number 

100  Main Entry - personal name 

110  Main Entry  - corporate name 

111  Main Entry - meeting name 

130  Main Entry -Uniform Title 

245  Title proper 

250  Edition statement 

260  Place 

263  Projected publication date

300  Physical Description 

400  Series Statement

500  General note 

700  Added Entry 

810  Series Added Entry 

    Soon after LC MARC was launched various countries started to design their own MARCs to automate the publication of their National bibliographics. These USMARC deferred because of:

1. Different cataloging standards that determine the data content of a MARC record;

2. Different subject control and classification system;

3. Different official languages sometimes spoken even within a single country;

4. Different character sets and codes developed to cater for non-Western languages and scripts such as Indian, Chinese and Japanese.

USMARC based - CANMARC in Canada, INTERMARC in France, IBERMARC in Spain & INDOMARC in Indonesia. 

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